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A new study by Center for Innovation in Mental Health (CIMH) researchers Professor Victoria Khanh Ngo and Dr. Thinh Toan Vu, in collaboration with Harlem Health Initiative Director Deborah Levine, Distinguished Professor Luisa N. Borrell, Professor Pedro Mateu-Gelabert, and colleagues examines how social and geographic factors shaped community perceptions toward the police amid a backdrop of public health crisis and social unrest.
Findings show that Harlem residents—predominantly from a historically Black neighborhood—rated police poorly, with an average score of just 10.33 out of 25 on a police perception scale. Nearly 40% of respondents felt police were ill-equipped to respond to mental health emergencies, while over one-third viewed police behavior as disrespectful toward demonstrators. About a quarter doubted police effectiveness in managing crime, responding to calls, or making neighborhoods feel safer. Over 35% said local police behave in racist ways, nearly 31% reported unfair stops, and 29% felt safer with fewer police—challenging assumptions that more policing equates to greater safety.
“These responses paint a clear picture of a community that feels both underserved and overpoliced,” says Ngo. “Many residents are not only questioning the effectiveness of policing but also its fairness, responsiveness, and fundamental role in public safety.”
Negative community perceptions of the police were especially pronounced among younger adults (ages 18–39), those with higher education levels, employed individuals, and residents of low-income housing. Experiences of discrimination were strongly linked to mistrust in law enforcement. Notably, respondents who reported feeling safer in their communities during the pandemic were also less likely to view police favorably—suggesting that their sense of safety may have stemmed more from community solidarity than police presence. The study found no significant differences in perception based on gender or race/ethnicity.
“These findings highlight a deep disconnect between conventional law enforcement strategies and the lived experiences of marginalized communities,” adds Vu. “Trust in police isn’t just a criminal justice issue—it’s a public health issue. Rebuilding that trust requires comprehensive reforms and community-driven safety strategies that reflect the needs and voices of these communities.”
